Summary
This two-part lesson includes a variety of pre-reading activities to prepare students to actively read Shakespeare's tragedy, "Othello." Students first rely on prior knowledge as they research Shakespeare as a playwright and his writings in a K-W-L activity. Then, they consider theme statements from the tragedy, ultimately agreeing or disagreeing with opinion statements and providing a rationale via an "Anticipation Guide." Finally, students reflect on the process of participating in pre-reading activities and what they learned about both the playwright and the play itself. This lesson leads into second part, which takes students through even more pre-reading strategies before they dive into the text itself. While this lesson is currently aligned only to 10th grade standards, it would be appropriate to teach in grades 9th through 12th, adjusting standards as needed.
Essential Question(s)
(Why) is it important to think about a selection before reading it? How is reading a Shakespeare tragedy an active process/activity that starts before you turn to the first page of the play?
Snapshot
Engage
Students begin by reflecting on their experiences with pre-reading strategies. Then, using a K-W-L chart, students consider and discuss what they already know and what they want to know, the "K" and "W" columns, regarding Shakespeare and his writings.
Explore
Students research relevant information about Shakespeare and his works, noting new ideas they learned and adding to the "L" column of their K-W-L chart.
Explain
In a Four Corners activity, students consider theme statements relevant to the Shakespeare tragedy "Othello" and collaboratively discuss their opinions and reasons.
Extend
Students complete an "Anticipation Guide" for "Othello," stating levels of agreement in relation to theme statements and providing a rationale.
Evaluate
Transitioning to the second part of the pre-reading process, students use the Parking Lot strategy to reflect on what they have learned about Shakespeare and "Othello" throughout the lesson's pre-reading activities.
Materials
Copies of K-W-L chart (one for each student)
Computer/Internet access for student research (Laptops, Chromebooks, tablets, smart phones, etc.); alternatively, a variety of relevant books/articles/fact sheets on Shakespeare
Copies of "Anticipation Guide" (one for each student)
Post-it notes
Writing materials: paper, pens, pencils, etc.
Engage
To begin this lesson, students will participate in a 2-3 minute quickwrite activity. For this activity, students need only a writing utensil and a piece of paper.
Before posing the prompt to students, inform them that a quickwrite involves 2-3 minutes of continuous writing without regard to grammar, usage, or mechanics; "correctness" is a non-issue. Instead, the goal is for students to get their ideas down on paper.
Once students have an understanding of quickwriting, pose this prompt: "What do you usually do before you read a text? How are pre-reading strategies useful?" Then, set a timer for 2-3 minutes and allow students to write.
Once time is up, ask students to pair up with an elbow partner and read their responses. After both partners have shared, ask for a few volunteers from the class to share aloud.
Inform students that this lesson involves pre-reading activities before diving into William Shakespeare's "Othello." Make students aware that the goal of this lesson is to help orient and situate their knowledge and understanding of important aspects of the text.
The first pre-reading strategy involves a K-W-L chart. Distribute a copy of the handout to each student. (See "KWL Chart" under Attachments.)
For the K-W-L activity, students will describe what they know, what they want to know, and (after research) what they learned about Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello."
Ask students to take a few minutes individually to complete the K column, what they already know about "Othello," encouraging them to rely on prior knowledge and experiences (in and out of school) as they list information they already know.
If students struggle initially, they could certainly work with a partner to brainstorm what they already know.
Then, ask students to create a list of questions under the W column, what they want to know. Encourage students to come up with questions that would help them learn more about "Othello." At this point, it would be beneficial to generate a list of these questions on the board. Ask students to share out their questions and add to their lists as you act as scribe.
Explore
Now, students will conduct informal research in an attempt to answer their questions.
If technology is available, allow students to search the Internet for pertinent information. If not, consult with your school librarian and locate books, encyclopedia articles, etc., and have those available for students to use. Alternatively, you could research as a whole class, using your own computer to search and locate relevant information while displaying it on the projector.
(The research portion of this activity will depend on your classroom materials and technology. What matters most is that students are somehow finding information in relation to the questions they asked.)
As students research, be sure they fill out the L column of their K-W-L chart. If students are researching independently or in groups, float the room to assist as needed.
This activity should culminate in a whole-class discussion in which students share out what they learned during the research process. Again, compile a list of what students discovered on the board, and ask students to add to their list during the conversation, too.
At the end of this activity, explain to students that they can refer to their K-W-L charts while reading the play if they need to clarify information.
Explain
Moving from Shakespeare as a playwright to one of his specific works, "Othello," students will now participate in a Four Corners activity.
This activity requires a bit of prep work. Create four signs with the following labels:
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Place one each of the signs in four separate corners of the room. Inform students that each corner represents a different opinion.
Explain to students that you will read an opinion statement aloud. Once you've read the statement, students are to go to the corner that best represents their own stance. Once in corners, groups should discuss reasons why they feel the way they do. Each corner will then share out their thinking.
Encourage students to practice active listening and speaking skills during this activity, and let students know they can certainly change corners if a classmate persuades them.
Depending on the amount of time you'd like to spend on this activity, you can select as few or as many of the statements below to use. However, keep in mind that these statements appear on the "Anticipation Guide," which is included in the next activity. So, ideally, you will only want to go through two or three rounds of Four Corners so as to not reveal and discuss all of the statements.
The consequences of jealousy are often destructive to a relationship.
It can sometimes be difficult to determine the honesty of a friend.
A person's honesty cannot be determined by his/her physical appearance.
When a person's reputation has been tainted, it is difficult to regain respect.
Sometimes parents know what is best for their children.
A person's love can be gained through material wealth.
Racial and age differences in relationships are easy to overcome.
Secondhand information is usually reliable.
Revenge is sometimes justified.
Rumors usually stem from some truth.
After a few rounds, ask students to return to their desks in preparation for an extension of this activity: theme statements in an "Anticipation Guide."
Extend
Transitioning from the Four Corners activity, distribute copies of the "Anticipation Guide" for "Othello" (located under Attachments).
Initially, each student will respond to each statement individually by deciding whether they strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree—just like Four Corners!
Allow students a few minutes to go through each statement and note their level of agreement.
Then, number students off 1-10. Each students' number corresponds to that numbered statement. For the number the student receives, that student should provide a written rationale (on the back of the paper, perhaps) justifying why they answered the way they did.
Assuming your class has at least 20 students, ask students to then form pairs/groups with like numbers. They should compare their answers and rationales, making adjustments if necessary but not feeling obligated to change their opinions.
End this section of the lesson with a whole-class discussion where each pair or group gets a minute or so to share out their reactions. Make students aware that these themes will show up in the text, so they should be on the look out for them.
Evaluate
To end this lesson, give each student two Post-it notes (different colors if possible).
On one note, have students write down one thing they learned about Shakespeare as a playwright and/or his tragedy, "Othello."
On another note, have students write down what they learned/thought about pre-reading strategies in general. For this note, pose the essential questions to your students: (Why) is it important to think about a selection before reading it? How is reading an active process? How is reading a Shakespeare tragedy an active process/activity that starts before you turn to the first page of the play? Ask students to rely on their original quickwrite from the beginning of the lesson and their experiences during this lesson as they answer. Encourage students to consider if and how their answer now differs from the original quickwrite response.
As students complete their notes, ask them to post their notes on a wall or the door, engaging in the Parking Lot instructional strategy. Let students know you will address these notes at the beginning of the next part of this lesson.
The student's K-W-L chart and "Anticipation Guide" can serve as formative assessments. Students can turn these in, and you can check for their understanding of ideas related to Shakespeare and "Othello." Students can consult their K-W-L charts as they read, and they will revisit their guides after reading the text in its entirety.
Resources
Beers, K. (2003). When Kids Can't Read: What Teachers Can Do. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
"Anticipation Guide" attachment uses topics from the following anticipation guide: driddleAHS. (2012, February 22). Othello anticipation guide. 10H Wiki. Retrieved from http://driddle10h.wikispaces.com/file/detail/Othello+Anticipation+Guide.doc
Fold the Line strategy: K20 Center. (2014). Fold the line. Instructional Strategies. Retrieved from https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f5079658
Four Corners strategy: K20 Center. (2014). Four corners. Instructional Strategies. Retrieved from https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f5064550
K-W-L (or K-W-H-L) strategy: K20 Center. (2014). K-W-H-L. Instructional Strategies. Retrieved from https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f505dd47
Parking Lot strategy: K20 Center. (2014). Parking lot. Instructional Strategies. Retrieved from https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f50602c2