Summary
Students develop questions about the phenomenon of wolf reintroduction into Yellowstone National Park. They explore published data to explain how different organisms interact to change the entire park ecosystem. Using this data, students take the role of a community member to engage in a role-play and provide a written explanation of which reintroduction plan their community member would support.
Essential Question(s)
In what ways does a change to one population affect an entire ecosystem?
Snapshot
Engage
Students watch the first segment of the “Wolves of Yellowstone” video, make observations, and brainstorm questions about it.
Explore
Students use scientific data to answer their Engage questions and create and evaluate models of the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem.
Explain
The class constructs an understanding of how a single population can affect many others in an ecosystem through interactions which produce a "trophic cascade."
Extend
Students are assigned the role of a community member in the reintroduction decision. They research viewpoints to understand their community member’s perspective. From this research, they will construct a written explanation for their community member’s preferred reintroduction plan.
Evaluate
In a “community forum,” students role-play as their community member and advocate for the wolf management plan they selected. They must justify their choices with their understanding of both their social perspective and the ecosystem effects the reintroduction plan could produce.
Materials
Wolf Reintroduction Plan handout (attached; one per student)
Community Member Cards (attached)
Advanced Topic Resources (attached)
Performance Evaluation Checklist (attached)
Wolves of Yellowstone Video: http://bit.ly/2gbHoy3
Yellowstone Ecosystem publication: http://bit.ly/2gbWyOT
Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction http://bit.ly/2hbv7Hj
Yellowstone Wolf Project Reports https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolfreports.htm
Access to internet-connected devices for small group research
Engage
Play the “Wolves of Yellowstone” video to the 0:40 mark: http://bit.ly/2gbHoy3
This initial clip briefly outlines the story of the wolves of Yellowstone National Park, and serves to spark interest and provide context for the lesson. Pay specific attention to the wolves' reintroduction and how it affected Yellowstone's ecosystem. After the clip, ask students to independently brainstorm ideas and questions about the clip using the “I Notice, I Wonder” strategy. Replay the clip another time to give students opportunities to pick up additional details they missed. Allow 2-3 minutes for students to write. Then, the class should engage in a whole-group discussion about their "I notice..." to build a shared understanding of the video.
Follow this up with a second discussion based on students' "I Wonder" summaries. To support student engagement and a collaborative culture, all students’ ideas, observations, and/or questions should be part of the conversation. Use the best strategy for your classroom. The Think-Pair-Share strategy, for example, is a good way to ensure each student has a way to share their own observations and learn new ideas from their peers. With a full class discussion, be sure to record all shared information on a whiteboard or similar space —these questions form the basis of the Explore activity.
Students' questions may span a variety of topics. They may also be beyond the scope of the data in this lesson. To narrow the scope of the objective, consider assigning specific questions to designated groups, or narrowing down the list of questions to help students find focus in their upcoming explorations. Let the questions you focus on be guided by the objectives below in data exploration:
Students predict what the post-reintroduction ecosystem in Yellowstone looks like.
Students propose a causal explanation for the post-reintroduction ecosystem structure.
Students answer their Engage questions.
Explore
During this phase of the lesson, keep the whiteboard space from the Engage displayed. Students should be able to reference the questions they generated.
Provide the class with a variety of data sets showing changes in the population sizes of organisms found in Yellowstone—elk, beavers, flowering shrubs, et al. Suggested data sets can be found in the Resources section of this lesson. Other data sets can also be used.
Have students work in small groups. Ask each group to search for patterns between data sets where one population's change in size affects, or is affected by, another population. Consider scaffolding this activity with extra guidance if students have little experience finding or evaluating patterns in data
Even though the data in these charts vary, students should be able to identify the overall patterns as an increase in bison and beaver colony numbers over time.
Ask students to use data to create their own models showing how the populations of Yellowstone have changed over time.
As each group analyzes data for patterns, each individual student should construct an individual model. If students wish to create a model with their group, consider allowing the group to record identical models. As students add organisms into their model of data patterns, ask them to show the relationships between population sizes in a way that expresses how they would visualize data for the entire ecosystem.
As students work, circle the room to mediate. As students incorporate more data, check that ecosystem-level patterns start becoming clear. Look for patterns like a series of connected populations decreasing in size, or one population increasing as others decrease. For students who are struggling to identify patterns, consider asking questions like:
Why did that population change?
What will happen to this population if the other population increases in size? What if it decreases?
How would you describe what is happening to this (animal, plant, or organism)?
Have students return to their Engage questions. Using their models, ask students to record answers to those questions. Before moving on, show the class the next part (0:40-2:38) of the Wolves of Yellowstone video (link). This clip describes Yellowstone's ecosystem during 100 years without wolves. This ecosystem does not match the models students have developed. To work towards facilitating a deeper analysis, ask the class to create a second model of the ecosystem as described in the video. Use a whiteboard space to create this model with student input. To create the model, ask students to identify how organisms in the video were interacting and whether their populations were increasing or decreasing. If students do not have experience with food web models, consider modeling a food web here.
Once the class has a food web model of the video ecosystem, give them time to compare their personal wolf-present models to the wolf-absent class model. Invite students to assess whether the relationships among organisms are consistent between the wolf-present and wolf-absent conditions and whether the population changes in the video would make sense if they removed wolves from their personal models.
Explain
Ask for volunteers to share their groups' answers for selected class questions from the Engage phase. Students should reference the data they used to support their answers. This discussion should be flexible, depending on student questions and discussion. However, the entire class should construct an understanding of the cause and effect changes within the Yellowstone ecosystem, as well as the differences between the models they made and the ecosystem web from the video. This part of the discussion extends students' individual analysis to help the entire class see how the wolves changed the ecosystem.
Modify or redraw the class ecosystem model as students share out their answers and explain the effects of the wolves' absence and reintroduction. Emphasize explanations that demonstrate student understanding of (1) the broad impacts of relatively minor or major changes within an ecosystem and (2) the potential causes of these impacts. Ask students to think about what their models are missing from what the video mentioned (for example, riverbank erosion). Use student examples to reinforce the idea that the environment is part of the ecosystem, though some models may not include it.
Ask questions to support student understanding. Clarify misunderstandings, especially those related to the effects generated by specific relationships within the ecosystem. Some questions might include:
What effect did (this interaction) have on each population?
Based on patterns in the data, why do you think the (organisms) experienced those effects?
How does (an effect or interaction) differ from the park ecosystem without wolves?
What other organisms are affected by (this interaction)?
Do these interactions (direct versus indirect) cause the same magnitude of change in the ecosystem? Why/why not?
How would the populations change if (low impact event) happened to (organisms)? In what ways would the entire ecosystem be affected by it?
Thinking about the whole ecosystem, including the environment, what other factors might have caused (these effects)? What data would we need to evaluate that claim?
Wrap up this discussion by asking students to create two rules, or scientific ideas, which describe:
How different parts of an ecosystem can affect others (generally).
How specific types of organisms (e.g., predators, consumers) interact to produce changes in an ecosystem.
After the discussion, show the remaining clip (2:38 to the end) from the Wolves of Yellowstone video (link) to support students' guided analyses and discussion.
Extend
To extend their understanding, ask students to begin thinking about the intersection of biological systems, society, and scientific progress. In terms of societal and scientific progress, the reintroduction of wolves remains a controversial issue today and affects a variety of people and systems. Ask students to reference the attached Community Member Cards and choose a specific community member's role, or depending on classroom needs, assign roles or have students draw at random.
Pass out the attached Wolf Reintroduction Plan graphic organizer for students to fill out. This graphic organizer helps students organize and synthesize what they've learned in order to apply it to the next activity.
Before they begin the graphic organizer, pass out to each student a copy of their Community Member Card and a copy of the Yellowstone Ecosystem publication linked in the Materials list. Students should also reference the ecosystem models they made individually and as a class. For research purposes, give students access to an internet-enabled device.
Each row of the Wolf Reintroduction Plan graphic organizer contains one of three plans with a brief description. In the columns, students evaluate:
Chain reactions (trophic cascades) that may occur with a given plan
Good consequences, or positive effects, of the plan including evidence
Bad consequences, or negative effects, of the plan including evidence
Specific concerns their given community member would have with each plan—this requires students to put aside their own views and roleplay
Allow students time to fill out the organizer, including researching their roles and formulating concerns accordingly. Students should search online for briefs, reports, blogs, and opinion essays that support their given role's opinions on the wolves and their reintroduction to Yellowstone. If your classroom has multiple students with the same community member role, those students might work together to gather this information.
Once students have completed their organizers, ask them to choose the reintroduction plan they believe their community member would support. Invite students to independently explain why they chose the plan for their community member, structured as a Claim-Evidence-Reasoning (CER) statement. Each explanation should include both social and biological evidence for how the plan would affect the following:
Chain reactions (trophic cascades) in Yellowstone's ecosystem
Services of Yellowstone's ecosystem
The community surrounding the student's role
Remind students to use specific evidence by referencing students' in-class work and research resources. Students should address the pros and/or refute the cons of the plan. Remind students to stay focused on explaining effects specific to a wolf-present or wolf-absent ecosystem. As students now understand the ecosystem's chain reaction involving wolves, ask them to consider what effects each reintroduction plan might produce in the ecosystem.
Evaluate
Invite students to engage in a forum with their peers. Before the forum begins, give students time to turn their CER statement into an argument. Remind students to focus on the effects of wolves in Yellowstone's ecosystem as they construct their arguments.
To begin the forum, ask students to act as their community members and argue for the wolf management plan they chose. Students should stay "in character" by including the social, cultural, and environmental details that justify their position. Consider asking students to vote on their preferred plan before the community forum starts, in order to compare voting numbers after the forum has ended.
During the forum, consider asking a student with the role of U.S. Fish and Wildlife community member to volunteer as the facilitator (or, if it would suit your classroom needs, you as the teacher may prefer to act as facilitator).
After the forum has ended, ask students, acting as their community members, to vote on the plan they believe they would be most persuaded towards. If the class also voted on a plan before the forum began, knowing whether or not students were persuaded by other students' arguments can be used at the end of the discussion as students evaluate their arguments and reflect on their learning.
Now, ask students to independently reflect on their experience from the beginning of the lesson—watching the Wolves of Yellowstone clip and constructing their first ecosystem diagram—to the end. When asking students to reflect, consider the following questions:
How did you use accurate scientific information in your arguments?
How did you stay "in character" to argue your community member's opinions instead of your own?
What were the strengths and weaknesses of your personal argument?
Did you personally agree with your community member?
What did you learn from other community members in the forum?
What are the most important things you took away from this lesson?
Resources
Estes, J. A. et al. (2011). Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth. Science, 333, 301–306. doi: 0.1126/science.1205106
Facing History And Ourselves. (n.d.). Fishbowl. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/teaching-strategies/fishbowl
Facing History And Ourselves. (n.d.). Socratic seminar. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/teaching-strategies/socratic-seminar
Facing History And Ourselves. (n.d.). Town hall circle. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/teaching-strategies/town-hall-circle
K20 Center. (n.d.). Claim, evidence, reasoning (CER). Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f506fc09
K20 Center. (n.d.). I notice, I wonder. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f507d1a7
K20 Center. (n.d.). Think-pair-share. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f5064b49
National Park Service. (n.d.). Gray Wolf. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolves.htm
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2011). Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 145(1), 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005
Ripple, W. J., Painter, L. E., Beschta, R. L., & Gates, C. C. (2010). Wolves, Elk, Bison, and Secondary Trophic Cascades in Yellowstone National Park. The Open Ecology Journal, 3(1), 31–37. doi: 10.2174/1874213001003030031
Smith, D. W., Peterson, R. O., & Houston, D. B. (2003). Yellowstone after Wolves. BioScience, 53(4), 330–340. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0330:yaw]2.0.co;2
Wikipedia. (n.d.). History of Wolves in Yellowstone. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone#Further_reading