Summary
This lesson demonstrates how using reading strategies enhances understanding of text. Students are asked to “read” a variety of texts, including art, a video, and a short story, using the OPTIC strategy. Students first make (O)bservations and (P)redictions about the text to aid in their understanding of (T)hemes and (I)nferences that will allow them to draw (C)onclusions about the text later on. Students will access prior knowledge and evidence to deepen their understanding of the text. Students then identify themes, make inferences, and draw conclusions to aid in their comprehension and interpretations of both visual and written text.
Essential Question(s)
How can using reading strategies enhance one’s comprehension?
Snapshot
Engage
Students engage in understanding how to “read” text.
Explore
Students explore art as a non-print text and use reading strategies to enhance their comprehension.
Explain
Students explain how reading strategies aid in comprehension.
Extend
Students apply the OPTIC reading strategy to other texts to demonstrate how using a strategy enhances comprehension.
Evaluate
Students evaluate their use of reading strategies and comprehension.
Materials
Choice of Non-print text/art
OPTIC Recipe Card The Shiner (attached; two per student)
OPTIC Recipe Card Template (attached; optional; two per student)
OPTIC Recipe Card The Shiner Key (attached)
Text version The Bully (linked; print and copy; individual or pairs)
YouTube version The Bully (linked)
The Bully Reading Key (attached)
Pen/pencil
Paper
Self-stick notes
Computer with a projector and Internet access
White board
Tape
Different colored pencils/highlighters/dry erase markers (if possible)
Engage
25 Minute(s)
Begin the activity with a Think-Pair-Share to access prior knowledge. Go to slide 4 and have each student think for a minute of a definition for "visual literacy," then write it on a sticky note. Also ask them to write on a piece of paper a list of at least three reading strategies that they currently use to help them comprehend text. When students have finished thinking, pair them with elbow partners to share their answers. Make sure they keep their lists for later in the lesson.
Move through slides 5 and 6. Explain to students that they are going to "read" a piece of art. This is a task that requires visual literacy, which is a set of reading skills and strategies that help people "decode, interpret, create, question, challenge, and evaluate texts" (Carry, n.d.). According to Carry, visual literacy communicates with visual images as well as, or instead of, words. "Visually literate people can read the intended meaning in a visual text, interpret the purpose and intended meaning, and evaluate the form, structure, and features of the text" (Carry, n.d.). Use slide 7 to ask the essential question How can using reading strategies enhance one’s comprehension?
Display the non-print text (art) that provides a story, Norman Rockwell’s “The Shiner,” for students to quietly observe on slide 8.
Pass out the attached OPTIC Recipe Card to each student. At the top of the card, ask each student to write their initial comprehension summary of the image.
Explain to students that using a process and having reading analysis tools will aid comprehension and expand visual and multimodal literacies. Reading text and “reading” art both strengthen skills that aid in all aspects of reading across different media and for different purposes. Also, by using non-print text, students can be introduced to the importance and effectiveness of using reading strategies in a different way.
Explore
50 Minute(s)
Go to slide 10. Discuss how OPTIC is a reading strategy that helps students make Observations and Predictions, identify Titles/Themes, cite evidence for Inferences, and draw Conclusions (OPTIC). Go through each step of the OPTIC process on the board with students, using the attached OPTIC Recipe Card The Shiner Key for guidance, if needed.
O: Move to slide 11. Have students conduct a Picture Deconstruction, independently creating a list of ten key concrete Observations that are most important in understanding the visual text. These observations are the details that students would underline or highlight if it were print text. In this case, these concrete observations should be visual details only.
Have each student share one detail, and make a list on the board. Details that appear on the board that students do not have can be added to their lists.
P: Move to slide 12. Ask students for Predictions about what is happening in the text/art.
Prediction: The man sitting behind the desk is a principal (color-coded green)
Prediction: The girl is in a school/office (color-coded red)
Prediction: There has been a fight, and the girl won (color-coded blue)
T: Move to slide 13. Have students brainstorm potential Titles for the art and share out at least three. Discuss how or if the students' titles give important information about the main ideas or Themes in the art. Share the real title and discuss how it brings focus to the main idea and main detail of the art. Identify the artist and time period, information that is also important to reading. Instruct students to point out which details in the picture give information about the artist, title, and time period.
I: Move to slide 14. Have students make Inferences from the predictions by assigning evidence from the observations list. Ask students to give evidence for their predictions using their observations. Next, go to slide 15 and have them underline supporting evidence using the same color-coding as used in the prediction step of the lesson. Discuss any important prior knowledge students may have that aids comprehension.
Inference: We know the man sitting behind the desk is the principal because it says “principal” on the door. He has on a tie and is behind the desk (color-coded green).
Inference: We know the girl is in a school because of the environment. There is a bench, bulletin board, file cabinet, and the word “principal” on the door. We know the girl could be in a private school because she is wearing a plaid skirt and white shirt (color-coded red) that looks like a uniform.
Inference: We know the girl was in a fight because her knuckles are red, her clothes and hair are disheveled, she has a Band-Aid on her knee, and she has a black eye. We know she probably won the fight because of the smirk on her face and the absence of the other student (color-coded blue).
C: Finally, move to slide 16 and have students draw Conclusions about the art by identifying who is pictured, what has happened, and when, where, why, and how it took place. Be sure that they write their conclusions next to the words "who," "what," "when," "where," "why," and "how" on their recipe cards. Next walk them through the Pass the Problem strategy using the cards.
Show slides 17 and 18. Have each student pass a recipe card to the right and record something next to "who" on the card received from the student to the left, then pass the cards to the right again, this time writing something next to the "what" on the card received. Next, ask students to pass the cards again to the right and write responses next to "when." Students should continue passing the cards until each individual's card has six different answers for each category. After they return cards to the original owners, have them use these answers as prompts to brainstorm for the narratives they will write.
Who is the girl? name, age, grade
What did she do? She got in a fight with [other student's name].
When did the fight occur? during lunch/recess/break/before school/after school/season/time/day
Where did the fight occur? in the lunchroom/hall/classroom/bathroom/playground
Why did she get in fight? because . . . [reason]
How is she going to be punished? What punishment is the principal going to give her? How long will it last?
Explain
35 Minute(s)
Explain to students that they should use their guided practice recipe cards to explain the story behind the painting.
Move through slides 20-22. After each student views the art again, have them write a narrative paragraph of five to six sentences, one sentence for each of the question categories on the recipe cards. Ask them to describe the picture's context, the setting, characters, and plot/conflict, and support their positions with evidence from the text. This narrative reflects their final comprehension. If needed, read the example narrative below to the class. Students can use the answers from the recipe cards to help them describe the context. Tell them that they must include specific details and imagery, as well as evidence from the art, to support their inferences and conclusions.
After students have written the narratives, have them tape their stories on their backs, facing out. Students will stand up and "mingle" until the lights are turned off. While the lights are dimmed, have students form a circle of groups of three or four. Turn the lights back on when the groups are ready. Ask them to read the stories from the backs of the individuals next to them in the circle. Groups should then select a volunteer to read one of the stories from the group to the whole class.
As the selected student from each group reads a story to the class, have the other students close their eyes and try to visualize the images presented in the narrative.
Go to slide 23. Have students look back to self-assess and answer how their initial comprehension, prior to using OPTIC, was different from their final comprehension (question three on the recipe card). Call on students to explain how using the reading strategies enhanced comprehension.
Have students do a Think-Pair-Share to discuss the differences between their initial comprehension and final comprehension, as reflected in their narrative essays.
Lead a class discussion on how, at the beginning of the lesson, first observations were probably vague. For example, one initial observation might have been that the girl in the illustration got into a fight, which is unsupported by evidence. However, after using OPTIC to identify main ideas, make predictions, identify themes, make inferences, and draw conclusions, viewers/readers should have a more detailed, narrative description of the art. This shows that having a reading process helps enhance comprehension.
Extend
50 Minute(s)
At the end of the lesson, the class will discuss how having a reading process to analyze art is similar to using a process to analyze print text. OPTIC allowed students to do what a good reader needs to do to aid comprehension: make key Observations, extend Predictions, consider main ideas and theme in a Title, cite evidence to create Inferences, and draw Conclusions about the context.
Move to slide 25. Pass out the attached OPTIC Recipe Card Template to each student. Students will now apply the OPTIC reading strategies to a video text through a Think-Pair-Share activity.
Explain to students that they will extend their practice of visual literacy reading strategies using the YouTube video version of "The Bully" (hyperlink). It is important to note that this video contains minor language that some students may find offensive. The teacher should preview the video to decide if it is appropriate for the class. The video runs slightly over seven minutes.
Go to slide 26. As they watch the video, have students note the important details on their recipe cards.
Stop the video at minute 2:30 and allow students to think and to write predictions about the characters Roger Kaiser and Tony Claxton, how the title provides information about a possible theme and what evidence or prior knowledge they need in order to make inferences. When students have completed their predictions, continue to play the video while they fill out their OPTIC Recipe Card Template. Ask them to share their responses with an elbow partner.
Display slide 27. After viewing the video, pass out copies of the of the text version of "The Bully" (hyperlink). Read the story aloud with the class. See "The Bully Key" attachment for guidance, if needed. Have students apply OPTIC reading strategies to the printed text by underlining key details (observations), making predictions, looking at the title/theme, citing evidence for inferences, and drawing conclusions.
While they annotate, show slide 28 and have students label all of the who, what, where, when, why and how elements that appear in the text, then write a descriptive summary that includes all of them.
Evaluate
20 Minute(s)
Go to slide 30. Create a T-Chart on the board for the I Used To Think ... But Now I Know instructional strategy. Students will refer back to their sticky notes from the beginning of the lesson. Choose a few students to read what they wrote on the sticky notes and then have all students walk to the board and post their notes in the first column of the T-Chart. Move to slide 31.On new sticky notes of a different color, ask students to write whether using the OPTIC reading strategies aided their comprehension and, if so, why and how. Display slide 32 for the "But Now I Know" portion of the activity. Have students write how the OPTIC process was the same, but also how it differed across the tasks of comprehending the illustration, the video, and the short story. Then have students put their sticky notes in the second column of the T-Chart on the board. Read select entries to the class.
Explain that student responses affirm that using reading strategies does enhance comprehension. Remind students that the process they have used to improve their visual literacy is similar to the reading process they use with text. Encourage them to use these reading skills and strategies to help them decode, interpret, create, question, challenge, and evaluate texts across media.
ACCOMMODATIONS
The OPTIC device is a great entry-level scaffold for other literary analysis devices such as TPCASTT. The difficulty of this lesson on analysis can be increased at each grade level or changed to accommodate different students.
IEP—Students with exceptionalities can participate in the guided practice part of this lesson without having any prior content knowledge or skills. Adaptations of the independent practice could include using only the brainstorming section or the video renditions of the story. Students with visual impairments may need access to a hard-copy of the artwork used in the lesson.
ELL—ELL students can practice vocabulary using the artwork by identifying objects they know or by listing objects in their native languages.
GT—Students who are gifted and talented can turn their narrative responses into creative stories that use more elements of plot and characterization. They can also select or create their own non-print texts/artworks and write narratives to share with the class.
Reading Proficiencies—Students at various reading proficiencies will benefit from the scaffolding of the reading process and comprehension strategies.
Differentiation—This lesson can be modified for use with a large group, small group, or for independent implementation.
Supplementary/Enrichment Activities—Students can select other non-print texts and independently go through the OPTIC process for additional reading process/comprehension practice.
Resources
Carry, D. (n.d.). Visual literacy: Using images to increase comprehension. ReadingRecovery.org. https://readingrecovery.org/images/pdfs/Conferences/NC09/Handouts/Carry_Visual_Literacy.pdf
K20 Center. (n.d.). I used to think . . . but now I know. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f50639f2
K20 Center. (n.d.). Pass the problem. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f506c28b
K20 Center. (n.d.). Photo or picture deconstruction. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f5065b32
K20 Center. (n.d.). Think-pair-share. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/d9908066f654727934df7bf4f5064b49
Kiser, R. (n.d.). "The Bully." http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Bull.shtml
Rockwell, N. (1953). "The Shiner" [Illustration]. Saturday Evening Post. (1953). http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/08/29/art-entertainment/beyond-the-canvas-art-entertainment/school-daze.html/attachment/cover_9530523
“The Bully.” (2012, June 6). BB Entertainment Inc. (Video). YouTube. https://youtu.be/LhHIY1CnO-o