Summary
Students will use text analysis strategies to summarize two significant events of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance. Then students, working in collaborative groups, will use their knowledge of these events to annotate the lyrics of the song "Guns and Ships" from the musical Hamilton. Students will also create their own lyrics about either the Battle of Saratoga or the French Alliance to explain how these events impacted the course and outcome of the Revolutionary War, ultimately affecting change for the colonies. This lesson includes optional modifications for distance learning. Resources for use in Google Classroom are included.
Essential Question(s)
How does conflict create change? What events before or during the Revolutionary War significantly impacted the colonies and the outcome of the war?
Snapshot
Engage
Students listen to the song "Guns and Ships" and hypothesize about how the song answers the question posed in its first line. Essentially, how does America ultimately defeat Great Britain?
Explore
While reading short summaries of the Battle of Saratoga, the French Alliance, and a letter by General Washington after Saratoga, students individually complete a Post-It Note summary activity. They form groups of three and write a three-sentence summary for each reading.
Explain
Students return to their Guns and Ships handout. They annotate and further explain the selected phrases in the lyrics. An annotating strategy is explained to scaffold this activity.
Extend
Student groups write a rap, chant, or song based on either the Battle of Saratoga reading or the French Alliance reading. They perform their rap, chant, or song for the class.
Evaluate
The group's written summary from the readings, the annotated hand-out, and the written song product will serve as assessments for this lesson.
Materials
Lesson Slides (attached)
Guns and Ships handout (attached)
Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance (attached)
Washington Letter to Horatio Gates (attached)
Post-its (nine per student)
Internet access to play the YouTube video of song "Guns and Ships"
Engage
20 Minute(s)
Tell students that they are going to listen to a song from the musical Hamilton. Give students the Guns and Ships handout and beginning with slide 3, have them create an I Think/We Think two-column chart on notebook paper. There are instructions for a later activity at the top of the Guns and Ships handout. If students ask, explain this activity will be done later in the lesson.
After the I Think/We Think chart is drawn, move to slide 4 and ask students to look at the first two lines of the song on their "Guns and Ships" handout, "How does a ragtag volunteer army in need of a shower / Somehow defeat a global superpower?" Ask students to think about what this question means and how they might answer it as they listen to the song "Guns and Ships." Students will use the "Guns and Ships" handout to follow along with the lyrics as the song plays. Students may write down their thoughts in the "I Think" column of their chart.
After listening to the song, assign students to working groups of three to four. Tell them this will be their group assignment throughout different parts of the lesson. Move to slide 5 and have students share their "I Think" answers with the group. Based on their conversations and the lyrics of the song, complete the "We Think" side of the chart. Students should come to a consensus about the meaning of the first two lines of the song. Ask a few groups to share out some of their We Think opinions. Use student responses as a foundation for a whole-class discussion of the Revolutionary War to engage students in using their prior knowledge of the topic. Continue this line of discussion to review events of the Revolutionary War leading up to the Battle of Saratoga that have already been studied, asking students how the war was going for the Patriots at this time.
Next, move to slide 6, showing students the essential questions for this lesson—How does conflict create change? What events during the Revolutionary War significantly impacted the course and outcome of the war? Explain to students that they will explore two major events of the Revolutionary War to reflect on this broader issue of American independence and how conflicts like war, consequences of battle, and alliances can influence the outcome of war to create change.
Explore
30 Minute(s)
Pass out the Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance handout and the Washington Letter to Horatio Gates primary source. Give each student 9 post-it notes. Students will individually read the summaries of the Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance and Washington's Letter to Horatio Gates. As they read, they will complete a Three Sticky Notes activity. Display slide 7 for student directions. Once students have filled out their three post-its for each reading, they will be given time in groups to share their ideas.
Have students share their post-it notes, including their word, important phrase, and sentence summary, with their group. Based on the information shared as a group, students work together to create a three-sentence summary of each reading. Students can record their summaries on notebook paper individually or as a group. Allow 30 minutes for the group work, about ten minutes for each reading.
Call on one or two groups to share their summaries about the Battle of Saratoga. Have one or two different groups share their summaries about the French Alliance. Have another group share their summary of Washington's letter to Gates. This can serve as one of the assessments of this lesson.
Explain
20 Minute(s)
Return students to the “Guns and Ships” lyrics on their Guns and Ships handout. Tell students that they will be working with their groups to annotate the lyrics of “Guns and Ships” using their knowledge of the Battle of Saratoga, the French Alliance, and the Revolutionary War in general.
Students may use their discussion today, their textbook, the readings, and their knowledge about the Revolutionary War for this activity. Read aloud the directions on the Guns and Ships handout. Students are to list their six annotations in the right-hand column. Explain to students that their annotations should help someone who knows nothing about the American Revolution make meaning out of the lyrics.
Annotating text is a close reading strategy. For students to fully understand the annotation process, show slide 8 before they begin. Review the first annotation on the Guns and Ships handout together as a model of what they should do. Allow student groups about 30 minutes for this activity.
Once groups have completed their annotations, call on groups to share a few of their annotations with the class. Determine how many examples you want to hear from each group based on your timing.
Extend
25 Minute(s)
Have student groups revisit their post-it notes, their three-sentence summaries, and the readings. Move to slide 9 and explain that student groups will expand one of their summaries into a rap, chant or song using the Chant it, Sing it, Rap it strategy. Groups can choose to create their rap, song, or chant based on either the Battle of Saratoga or the French Alliance. Their lyrics should address how either the Battle of Saratoga or the French Alliance impacted the course and the outcome of the Revolutionary War, ultimately affecting change for the colonies. Like the Hamilton lyrics, students should create a brief stanza and a repeating chorus. Explain the difference between a stanza which tells the story from the chorus or refrain which is used to emphasize or repeat a main idea. Show slide 10 for an example of the stanza and chorus from the song, “Guns and Ships.” You may also wish to play “Guns and Ships” again and emphasize when they are singing the chorus.
As student groups are working, walk around checking in with the groups to make sure their raps, songs, or chants accurately and appropriately represent the event that they chose.
Groups will perform their chant, rap, or song for the class. After the performance, groups may wish to explain some of their lyrics to the class and how the lyrics refer to the event they chose.
After each group’s' performance, groups can turn in their written rap, chant, or song lyrics.
Evaluate
5 Minute(s)
The groups' written summaries of the Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance, the Guns and Ships annotation activity, and a written version of the rap, chant, or song can all serve as assessments of this lesson.
Resources
Castillo, D. (2002). The American Nation: Beginnings through 1877. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Editors (2009). Battle of Saratoga. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battle-of-saratoga
K20 Center. (n.d.) Chant It, Sing It, Rap It. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/143
K20 Center. (n.d.). Google Classroom. Tech Tools. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/tech-tool/628
K20 Center. (n.d.). I Think / We Think. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/141
K20 Center. (n.d.). Padlet. Tech Tools. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/tech-tool/1077
K20 Center. (n.d.). Three Sticky Notes. Strategies. https://learn.k20center.ou.edu/strategy/153
Leslie Odom Jr. - Topic. (2015). Guns and Ships [Video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ovje92D742s
McDougal, H. (2009). United States History: Beginnings to 1877. New York, NY: Holt McDougal.
Miranda, L. –M. (2015). Guns and ships [Liner notes]. In Hamilton [CD]. New York, NY: Atlantic Records. http://atlanticrecords.com/HamiltonMusic/
Washington papers (n.d.) Founders online. From George Washington to major general Horatio Gates, 30, October 1777. National Archives.gov. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-12-02-0049